2008年7月31日 星期四

坦伯頓最後忠告:賺錢要快、花錢要慢!

  上世紀共同基金最重要的大師──坦伯頓基金創始人約翰.坦伯頓(john marks templeton), 7月8日逝世。他的一生,完美實現20世紀所有人的夢想。

1萬美元起家。致富後,年捐20億善款
  出生美國田納西州貧困農莊,坦伯頓憑藉聰明的頭腦與不懈的努力,先進耶魯大學經濟系、再進牛津大學拿碩士。他的第一份工作是在美林證券前身fenner & beane擔任營業員,28歲成立自己的公司。

  坦伯頓在投資市場最著名的事蹟,是在1939年、二次世界大戰爆發的悲慘時刻,當時26歲的他,用借來的1萬美元,買進104家股價在1美元以下的美國公司股票,每家都買100美元的股分,總成本1萬400美元;4年後,坦伯頓出售這104家公司股權,拿回超過4萬美元,獲利超過300%。

  他不只投資股市功力深厚,讓自己成為億萬富豪,還開創共同基金產業,協助億萬凡人達到財務目標。

  1954年他創立坦伯頓成長基金(templeton growth fund),這檔基金經過逾50年的考驗,繳出平均每年報酬13.3%的成績單,成為投資界典範。1999年,美國money magazine更推舉他為「20世紀最會選股的股神」。

  坦伯頓在致富後,放棄美國國籍、全心投入慈善事業,每年捐贈超過新台幣20億元給慈善基金會,最終在退休天堂巴哈馬群島,以95歲高齡辭世。他將近一世紀的精彩人生,贏得財富、事業、尊敬和優閒,絕對是「超完美人生」的最佳典範。

  不過,住在巴哈馬群島的這位基金大師,和股神巴菲特等投資大師一樣,都維持低調素樸的生活。他在巴哈馬仍然自己開車,大多數時間在家閱讀寫作,以及指導他的慈善基金會。投資心法--賺錢本來就不容易

  追憶大師,我們特別整理2005年倫敦投資理財大展上,坦伯頓公開的5大成功理財心法(templeton's 5—steps to financial success),精華摘要如下:

心法1:多儲蓄、少消費
  坦伯頓堅信兩個最傳統的美德:儲蓄與辛勤工作。他在25歲結婚時,就跟太太約定「將薪水的50%儲蓄起來」的目標,他從不借消費貸款,連買第一棟房子都是百分之百現金支付

  即使成為身價數十億美元的超級富豪,住巴哈馬豪宅,開著勞斯萊斯轎車,坦伯頓仍然洋洋得意告訴朋友:勞斯萊斯轎車是以極低價格買進的二手車。他堅信:「賺錢要快、花錢要慢!」

心法2:精確計算風險
  散戶都只想著要賺多少錢,但坦伯頓卻總是先評估風險,算清楚風險之後才進場投資。

心法3:買股票不追價
  坦伯頓是典型的價值投資者,他操作坦伯頓成長基金長達50年,平均每支股票持股超過5年,坦伯頓不買那些大家追逐的趨勢股,只買價值被低估的股票。很多人跟他抱怨:這樣的股票難找。坦伯頓笑著回答:賺錢本來就是不容易的事。

心法4:參與國際股市
  坦伯頓很早就把投資焦點放在國際股市,他深信「世界是平的」的全球化趨勢,投資國家從日本、蘇聯、亞洲四小龍到中國,四處尋找有潛力、價值被低估的上市公司。

心法5:避稅、避稅、避稅
  對於繳稅,坦伯頓堪稱是極端份子,他公開放棄美國籍,搬到沒有所得稅與遺產稅的英屬巴哈馬群島,他自己說,光是因為不避煩惱稅負的問題,就讓他的投資績效大幅躍進。

投資箴言--最終法則:買低、賣高
  除了前述理財成功心法,在廣蒐坦伯頓各種投資心得的過程中,本刊意外發現,他在過去30年間陸續寫下的投資建議─「16大投資箴言」(16 maxims of investment),放在兩個月暴跌26%的台灣股市,相當發人深省。我們從中精選了5條箴言,供投資人參考。

箴言1
“買個別公司的價值,而不是市場趨勢,也不是總體經濟前景。

  這道理很簡單,是個別公司表現,最終決定市場趨勢,而不是市場趨勢決定個別公司股價。不論在空頭或是多頭市場,個別公司股價都有獨特漲跌走勢,我們的獲利是來自個別公司股價的漲跌,而不是乎dp增長或減少零點幾個百分點。”

  有沒有感覺到「五雷轟頂」?3個月前,因為總統大選投票而深信「馬上就會好」的股民們,這波之所以會慘遭修理,就是因為把總體經濟前景看得太大,忽略許多公司股價早已到了滿足點。

  我們都容易被大趨勢所迷惑,忽略所謂的大趨勢,其實正是每一家個別公司表現優異或是衰退所產生的結果。個別公司的表現是因,趨勢是果,投資人倒果為因,賠錢,也就不意外了。

箴言2 
“「低買」(且uy low)是多麼簡單的概念,卻又多麼難以落實。當股價高漲的時候,投資人拚命買進大量的股票,而股價低迷的時候,投資人卻意興闌珊不想買股。”

  嗯,在台股慘跌兩個多月後,此刻你是買超?還是賣超?

  當投資機構在80元拚命買進國泰金控時,你是不是也忍不住搶了幾張,來等金融業西進的利多?而在國泰金跌破60元大關時,你是在買還是在賣?如果你相信「低買」,那麼現在為何縮手?國泰金控的真正價值在哪裡?哪裡才是「低點」呢?這不正是投資人最應該做的功課嗎?

箴言3 
“不做投機、不做短線交易。
  股市不是賭場,但是如果你在股票市場快速進出,每次賺錢就跑,那麼股市就會變成你的賭場,最後,你不是輸掉所有,就是陷入老是在輸錢的泥沼。”

  在台灣,即使是投信公司,也鮮少基金經理人敢於長線持有個股,遑論總是殺進殺出的中實戶,只是,一波又一波令人意外的行情,是不是告訴我們,短線操作最終難逃被市場修理、蓋布袋的下場。

  當你身邊的朋友,那些市場老手都淪為股市波臣,你還不趕緊改變自己的操作習慣?

箴言4
“股市沒有白吃的午餐,不要相信明牌。

  雖然身邊的人都在問明牌,而且明牌真的很吸引人,總是帶著神祕的內線色彩,讓你似乎有機會賺到快錢,但是請記住,股市沒有白吃的午餐,掉下來的食物,噎到的機率真的很高。”

  台股不是流行一句話:「長線短線,不如一條內線」,最近積極打聽馬總統兩岸開放政策利多的投資人,打聽友達、奇美獲利如何突出的投資人,以及宏達電鑽石機多麼神勇的投資人,有沒有被明牌燙到?

  明牌偶爾會帶你進到所羅門王的藏寶庫,但請不要忘記,內線也可能是讓你上吊的凶器。

箴言5
“不要抓狂,當大家都瘋狂賣出股票時,你不一定要急著賣出。

  尤其是股市崩盤時刻,你反而該回頭審視自己的投資組合,算好你的財務平衡,如果沒有找到更好的股票,就不要亂賣手中持股。不要老是擔憂害怕,股市當然會回檔整理,三不五時也會崩盤,但各種研究告訴我們,股市長期趨勢是往上。在這個世紀、直到下個世紀,股市投資的最終法則還是:「買低、賣高」。”

  投資原則往往是說來容易,具體堅持卻很難,一生協助眾人理財的坦伯頓,即使已經過世,仍然為大家上了寶貴的一課。謝謝您,坦伯頓先生,願您安息!

本篇文章摘自:smart智富月刊.第 120 期 / 徹底精通 / 作者:蔡 偉

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